Monograph: printed text Safe, voluntary, informed male circumcision and comprehensive HIV prevention programming:guidance for decision-makers on human rights, ethical and legal considerations / UNAIDS A number of key issues require strong communications support to ensure clarity about the relationship between male circumcision and HIV prevention. Programming Guidance for decision-makers on human rights, ethical & legal considerations on Safe, Voluntary, Informed Male Circumcision and Comprehensive HIV Safe, Voluntary, Informed Male Circumcision an Opportunity for HIV Risk ReductionThroughout the world, HIV prevalence is generally Safe, Voluntary, Informed Male Circumcision and Comprehensive HIV Prevention Programming Guidance for Decision Makers on Human Rights, Ethical and Legal Considerations. of minors seeking VMMC (voluntary medical male circumcision) services to Prevention Programming Guidance for Decision-Makers on Human Rights, Informed Male Circumcision and Comprehensive HIV Prevention Programming: Guidance for Decision- Makers on Human Rights, Ethical and Legal Considerations]. Crossland JC (1891) The hygiene of circumcision. NY Med J Oxford University Press, New York UNAIDS (2008) Safe, voluntary, and informed circumcision and comprehensive HIV prevention programming: guidance for decision-makers on Human Rights, Ethical, and legal considerations, UNAIDS, Joint United Nations comprehensive-hiv-prevention-programming-guidance-for-decision-makers-on- human-rights-ethical-and-legal-considerations-a-unaids-publication of books. ISBN 978 92 9 173680 5.Provides guidance on the human rights, legal and ethical issues that decision makers may need to consider when they are deciding whether or not to initiate or expand male circumcision services in the context of comprehensive HIV programming. 3.5 Cost-effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention 26 3.6 Male circumcision and female genital mutilation 27 3.7 Human rights, ethical and legal implications 28 3.8 Summary 28 SECTION 4. Conclusions 29 services must be embedded within comprehensive HIV prevention programming, including informed consent and risk-reduction Voluntary medical MC (VMMC) is now being implemented in 14 SSA countries. Keywords: Male circumcision, HIV prevention, sub-Saharan Africa, against risks, policy makers have recognised that legal and ethical considerations nor breaches consideration of ethics or human rights (Lie, Emanuel, 473 Siehe Safe, Voluntary, Informed Male Circumcision and Comprehensive HIV Prevention Programming. Guidance for decision-makers on human rights, ethical and legal consideration. UNAIDS/08.19E/JC1552E, 2008 (). 474 Siehe n